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|previous= |allies = |battles= In Afghanistan Before War on Terror * Second Afghan Civil War * Third Afghan Civil War In Tajikistan * Civil war in Tajikistan In Chechnya * Second Chechen War War on Terror In Yemen * al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen In Afghanistan * War in Afghanistan (2001–present) * War in Afghanistan (2015–present) In the Maghreb * Maghreb insurgency * Northern Mali conflict In Iraq * Iraq War * Iraqi insurgency In Pakistan * War in North-West Pakistan * Balochistan conflict In Somalia * First Somali Islamist War * Second Somali Islamist War In Syria * Syrian Civil War * Military intervention against ISIL * American-led intervention in Syria }} Al-Qaeda ( or ; (アラビア語:القاعدة) ', , translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several others,〔 at some point between August 1988〔.〕 and late 1989, with origins traceable to the Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army〔. "Al-Qaeda's global network, as we know it today, was created while it was based in Khartoum, from December 1991 till May 1996. To coordinate its overt and covert operations as al-Qaeda's ambitions and resources increased, it developed a decentralized, regional structure. () As a global multinational, al-Qaeda makes its constituent nationalities and ethnic groups, of which there are several dozen, responsible for a particular geographic region. Although its ''modus operandi'' is cellular, familial relationships play a key role." See also: * 〕 and an Islamist, extremist, wahhabi jihadist group. It has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, the United States, Russia, India, and various other countries (see below). Al-Qaeda has carried out many attacks on targets it considers ''kafir''.〔Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: p.219, Rik Coolsaet – 2011〕 Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings. The U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the "War on Terror". With the loss of key leaders, culminating in the death of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations have devolved from actions that were controlled from the top down, to actions by franchise associated groups and lone-wolf operators. Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacks and the simultaneous bombing of different targets. Activities ascribed to it may involve members of the movement who have made a pledge of loyalty to Osama bin Laden, or the much more numerous "al-Qaeda-linked" individuals who have undergone training in one of its camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan who have not.〔.〕 Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new worldwide Islamic caliphate.〔 During the Syrian civil war, al-Qaeda factions started fighting each other, as well as the Kurds and the Syrian government. Among the beliefs ascribed to al-Qaeda members is the conviction that a Christian–Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam.〔Fu'ad Husayn 'Al-Zarqawi, "The Second Generation of al-Qa'ida, Part Fourteen," ''Al-Quds al-Arabi'', July 13, 2005〕 As Salafist jihadists, they believe that the killing of non-combatants is religiously sanctioned, but they ignore any aspect of religious scripture which might be interpreted as forbidding the murder of non-combatants and internecine fighting.〔 Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as man-made laws, and wants to replace them with a strict form of sharia law. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for instigating sectarian violence among Muslims.〔Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia – (2011) – Barbara A. Weightman〕 Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis and other sects as heretics and have attacked their mosques and gatherings.〔Security strategy and transatlantic relations (2006) Roland Dannreuther〕 Examples of sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, the Sadr City bombings, the Ashoura massacre and the April 2007 Baghdad bombings.〔Jihad and Just War in the War on Terror (2011) Alia Brahimi〕 Since the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011 the group has been led by Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri. ==Organization== Al-Qaeda's management philosophy has been described as "centralization of decision and decentralization of execution."〔al-Hammadi, Khalid, "The Inside Story of al-Qa'ida", part 4, ''Al-Quds al-Arabi'', March 22, 2005〕 It is thought that al-Qaeda's leadership, following the War on Terror, has "become geographically isolated," leading to the "emergence of decentralized leadership" of regional groups using the al-Qaeda "brand".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism – SPRING 2006 )〕 Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaeda's leadership. Although bin Laden still held considerable ideological sway over some Muslim extremists before his death, experts argue that al-Qaeda has fragmented over the years into a variety of regional movements that have little connection with one another. Marc Sageman, a psychiatrist and former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer, said that al-Qaeda is now just a "loose label for a movement that seems to target the West." "There is no umbrella organisation. We like to create a mythical entity called () in our minds, but that is not the reality we are dealing with." This view mirrors the account given by Osama bin Laden in his October 2001 interview with Tayseer Allouni: "... this matter isn't about any specific person and... is not about the al-Qa'idah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, our Lord is one... and all the true believers () are brothers. So the situation isn't like the West portrays it, that there is an 'organization' with a specific name (such as 'al-Qa'idah') and so on. That particular name is very old. It was born without any intention from us. Brother Abu Ubaida... created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire... So this place was called 'The Base' (), as in a training base, so this name grew and became. We aren't separated from this nation. We are the children of a nation, and we are an inseparable part of it, and from those public Others, however, see al-Qaeda as an integrated network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas and has a powerful strategic purpose. Bruce Hoffman, a terrorism expert at Georgetown University, said "It amazes me that people don't think there is a clear adversary out there, and that our adversary does not have a strategic approach."〔 Al-Qaeda has the following direct affiliates: * Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb * Al-Qaeda in Somalia * Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula * Al-Qaeda in Syria * Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent Al-Qaeda's indirect affiliates includes the following, many of which have left the organization and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: * Abdullah Azzam Brigades * Al-Mulathameen Brigade * Al-Mourabitoun * Ansar Dine * Abu Sayyaf (pledged allegiance to ISIL〔http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists〕) * Ansar al-Islam (merged with ISIL on 29 August 2014) * East Turkestan Islamic Movement * Caucasus Emirate * Fatah al-Islam * Islamic Jihad Union * Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan * Jaish-e-Mohammed * Jemaah Islamiyah * Lashkar-e-Taiba * Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa * Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group * Rajah Sulaiman movement 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Al-Qaeda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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